科研资料整理

快乐的生活,科学的研究

Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 1113: 192–201 (2007). doi: 10.1196/annals.1391.030
Heat shock proteins (Hsps) are highly conserved and inhabit nearly all subcellular locations where they perform a variety of chaperoning functions including folding and unfolding of nascent polypeptides, proteins, transport of proteins, and support of antigen presentation processes. Apart from their intracellular location Hsps with a molecular weight of 70 kDa (Hsp70) also have been found on the plasma membrane of malignantly transformed cells, on virally/bacterial infected cells and in the extracellular space. Depending on their intra- and extracellular location Hsps exert either protection against environmental stress or act as potent stimulators of the immune response. In this review we address the dual function of intracellular and extracellular located small Hsps and members of the Hsp70 family and its immunological consequences for cancer immunity.

Cell, Vol 133, 681-692, 16 May 2008

The killer lymphocyte protease granzyme A (GzmA) triggers
caspase-independent target cell death with morphological features of
apoptosis. We previously showed that GzmA acts directly on mitochondria
to generate reactive oxygen species (ROS) and disrupt the transmembrane
potential (ΔΨm) but does not permeabilize the mitochondrial
outer membrane. Mitochondrial damage is critical to GzmA-induced cell
death since cells treated with superoxide scavengers are resistant to
GzmA. Here we find that GzmA accesses the mitochondrial matrix to
cleave the complex I protein NDUFS3, an iron-sulfur subunit of the
NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase complex I, after Lys56 to interfere with
NADH oxidation and generate superoxide anions. Target cells expressing
a cleavage site mutant of NDUFS3 are resistant to GzmA-mediated cell
death but remain sensitive to GzmB.

Cell

Volume 133, Issue 4,

16 May 2008,

Pages 693-703

Summary

The inflammatory response of mammalian cells to TNF-greek small letter alpha
can be switched to apoptosis either by cotreatment with a protein
synthesis inhibitor, cycloheximide, or Smac mimetic, a small molecule
mimic of Smac/Diablo protein. Cycloheximide promotes caspase-8
activation by eliminating endogenous caspase-8 inhibitor, c-FLIP, while
Smac mimetic does so by triggering autodegradation of cIAP1 and cIAP2
(cIAP1/2), leading to the release of receptor interacting protein
kinase (RIPK1) from the activated TNF receptor complex to form a
caspase-8-activating complex consisting of RIPK1, FADD, and caspase-8.
This process also requires the action of CYLD, a RIPK1 K63
deubiquitinating enzyme. RIPK1 is critical for caspase-8
activation-induced by Smac mimetic but dispensable for that triggered
by cycloheximide. Moreover, Smac mimetic-induced caspase-8 activation
is not blocked by endogenous c-FLIP. These findings revealed that TNF-greek small letter alpha
is able to induce apoptosis via two distinct caspase-8 activation
pathways that are differentially regulated by cIAP1/2 and c-FLIP.

新浪网本报讯 (记者 童思娜 通讯员
P影妍)春节历经千辛万苦回到熟悉的故乡,可是身体反而会不适,易出现腹泻、感冒、精神疲乏、食欲不振,甚至心慌胸闷、长暗疮等俗称为“水土不服”的症
状。医生介绍,回乡水土不服不妨喝点蜂蜜,它有提高免疫力,抗疲劳,促进消化,改善睡眠,保护心血管等作用,可帮助归家游子度过回乡头几天出现的不适症
状。

  生活环境突然改变易不适

  市中医院罗文峰副主任医师认为,回乡出现各种不适症状,是自身适应环境的能力未能及时调整过来,在新环境中没有达到平衡与和谐所致,而且这种不适与地域跨度、生活习惯及城乡差异成正比。

  人体健康与周围环境有着密切关系,长途跋涉的疲累已让机体免疫功能下降,同时人体暂时不能适应气候、水质、饮食等生活环境的突然改变,就会产生一系列不适症状,其中以肠道菌群紊乱而引起的腹泻最为常见。而蜂蜜可说是一味治疗水土不服的良药。

  蜂蜜可迅速除疲劳促睡眠

  蜂蜜清香甘甜,容易被吸收和消化。从中医角度看,腹泻多是饮食不节、脾胃虚弱所致,而蜂蜜有和中健胃、润肠通便的功效,可有效地调节胃肠道功
能,增进肠蠕动,既有助消化,又可防止腹泻。蜂蜜中含有的酶类和矿物质可提高人体免疫力,葡萄糖、维生素以及磷、钙等物质则有镇静安神的作用,可迅速消除
疲劳,促进睡眠。此外,蜂蜜对咽炎、支气管炎也有辅助疗效。

  医生建议,蜂蜜适宜晚上临睡前或是早上空腹喝。冲泡蜂蜜时不要用刚煮沸的开水,否则会破坏蜂蜜的营养功效,用温水冲泡并搅匀就可以了。

  本网站所刊登的所有内容,包括但不限于图片、文字及多媒体形式的新闻﹑信息等,未经著作权人合法授权,禁止一切形式的下载、转载使用或者建立镜
像。获得合法授权的,应在授权范围内使用,必须为作者署名并注明”来源:南方都市报”字样。违反上述声明者,本网将依法追究其相关法律责任。

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●冬瓜:冬瓜不含脂肪,含钠盐低,具有利尿去水的功效。肥胖的人大多体内积存过多的水分,肌肉软弱不实,民间经验常用冬瓜适量烧汤饮服,能排出体内过多的水分,减肥疗效明显;冬季无冬瓜时,可用干冬瓜皮30克,加水适量煎饮,也可使肥胖的人逐渐消瘦。

  ●黄瓜:医学实验证明,黄瓜中含有一种可抑制糖类转化为脂肪的丙醇二酸物质,肥胖的人常食黄瓜有减肥之效。黄瓜还含有细纤维素,对促进肠道的排泄和降低胆固醇也有一定的作用。

  ●番木瓜:番木瓜的乳汁中含有两种生物酶。一种是木瓜蛋白酶,可分解蛋白质为氨基酸,另一种脂肪酶,对脂肪有很强的分解能力。因此,经常食用对肥胖的人减肥有一定的疗效。

  ●梅子:是一种含丰富有机酸和无机酸的碱性食物,尤其是含有多量柠檬酸,对热能的代谢有十分良好的作用。一些专家们认为,它是减肥食物中的佼佼者。据报道,日本等国人们以食梅子及其制品”梅肉浸膏”、”浓缩梅汁”、”梅子密饯”等来减肥风行于世。

  ●芋:魔芋中除含多种营养物质外,还含有一种其他植物中少有的特殊成分,它具有高膨胀、高弹性、高粘度的特性。用魔芋加工制成的豆腐、面条、面
包、蛋糕等食品,不但能够收胃液降低食欲,而且易产生饱腹感。许多医学单位研究表明,对降低胆固醇、甘油三酯、血糖等有特别功效,是当今理想的减肥食品。

  ●荷叶:据测定,荷叶中含有莲碱、荷时碱、原荷叶三、桷皮素、荷叶黄酮甙。临床应用证明,肥胖的经常用洗净的鲜荷叶煮粥食用,减肥疗效显著。夏天用鲜荷叶代茶泡饮,冬季用干荷叶代茶泡饮,均有疗效。

  ●茶叶:茶叶既可解油腻,又能减肥,尤其是饮较浓的茶水效更显著。在日本、法国等国家,我国云南出产”普洱茶”及福建出产的”乌龙茶”特别受到
年轻妇女和肥胖的人的欢迎。有试验证明,肥胖的人每天饮用三杯”普洱茶”一个月后有的降低了血脂,有的减轻了体重,法国女郎称之为”刮油茶”。在日本,”
乌龙茶”被称之为”健美减肥药”。

  ●食醋:近年来在欧美一些国家,肥胖的妇女和男子时兴饮用食醋来减肥,因为醋中富含多种氨基酸,不仅可以消除体内的脂肪,而且还可以促使糖和蛋白质等新陈代谢顺利进行。所国外有关资料介绍,每天饮用15~20毫升优质食醋,在一个月左右可以减轻体重2~4公斤。

  ●玉米须:它具有利尿、利胆、降压等功效,用晒干的玉米须10~15克,加开水250克左右冲泡代茶饮用,有利尿和减少体内胆固醇存积的作用而有减肥之效。

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J. Biol. Chem., Vol. 283, Issue 6, 3476-3486, February 8, 2008

The role of the mitochondrial permeability transition (MPT) in apoptosis and necrosis is controversial. Here we show that the MPT regulates the release of cytochrome c for apoptosis during endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress by remodeling the cristae junction (CJ). CEM cells, HCT116 colon cancer cells, and murine embryo fibroblast cells were treated with the ER stressor thapsigargin (THG), which led to cyclophilin D-dependent mitochondrial release of the profusion GTPase optic atrophy 1 (OPA1), which controls CJ integrity, and cytochrome c, leading to apoptosis. Interference RNA knockdown of Bax blocked OPA1 and cytochrome c release after THG treatment but did not prevent the MPT, showing that Bax was essential for the release of cytochrome c by MPT. In isolated mitochondria, MPT led to OPA1 and cytochrome c release independently of voltage-dependent anion channel and the outer membrane, indicating that the MPT is an inner membrane phenomenon. Last, the MPT was regulated by the electron transport chain but not mitochondrial reactive oxygen species, since THG-induced cell death was not blocked by antioxidants and did not occur in cells lacking mitochondrial DNA. Our results show that the MPT regulates CJ remodeling for cytochrome c-dependent apoptosis induced by ER stress and that mitochondrial electron transport is indispensable for this process.

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Neuroreport. 2003 May 23;14(7):1091-5

Microglia are believed to participate in the mediation of neurodegeneration through producing a variety of cytotoxic factors upon activation. Pharmacological intervention in microglial activation may therefore exert a neuroprotective effect. In exploring pharmacological agents that can affect microglial activation, we found in this study that triptolide possesses a powerful inhibitory influence over microglia. Pretreatment with triptolide was able to dose-dependently reduce the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced nitrite accumulation and tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-1beta release from LPS-activated microglia as revealed by Griess reaction and ELISA, respectively. Triptolide reduced LPS-stimulated mRNA expression of all three inflammatory factors. The results obtained from this study demonstrate that triptolide can inhibit inflammatory responses of microglia to inflammatory stimulation via a mechanism involving the inhibition of the synthesis and release of inflammatory factors

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J Biol Chem. 2001 Jan 19;276(3):2221-7. Epub 2000 Oct 26

Triptolide (PG490), a diterpene triepoxide, is a potent immunosuppressive agent extracted from the Chinese herb Tripterygium wilfordii. We have previously shown that triptolide blocks NF-kappaB activation and sensitizes tumor necrosis factor (TNF-alpha)-resistant tumor cell lines to TNF-alpha-induced apoptosis. We show here that triptolide enhances chemotherapy-induced apoptosis. In triptolide-treated cells, the expression of p53 increased but the transcriptional function of p53 was inhibited, and we observed a down-regulation of p21(waf1/cip1), a p53-responsive gene. The increase in levels of the p53 protein was mediated by enhanced translation of the p53 protein. Additionally, triptolide induced accumulation of cells in S phase and blocked doxorubicin-mediated accumulation of cells in G(2)/M and doxorubicin-mediated induction of p21. Our data suggest that triptolide, by blocking p21-mediated growth arrest, enhances apoptosis in tumor cells.

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J Biol Chem. 1999 May 7;274(19):13451-5.Click here to read
Progress in the treatment of solid tumors has been slow and sporadic. The efficacy of conventional chemotherapy in solid tumors is limited because tumors frequently have mutations in the p53 gene. Also, chemotherapy only kills rapidly dividing cells. Members of the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) family, however, induce apoptosis regardless of the p53 phenotype. Unfortunately, the cytotoxicity of TNF-alpha is limited by its activation of NF-kappaB and activation of NF-kappaB is proinflammatory. We have identified a compound called PG490, that is composed of purified triptolide, which induces apoptosis in tumor cells and sensitizes tumor cells to TNF-alpha-induced apoptosis. PG490 potently inhibited TNF-alpha-induced activation of NF-kappaB. PG490 also blocked TNF-alpha-mediated induction of c-IAP2 (hiap-1) and c-IAP1 (hiap-2), members of the inhibitor of apoptosis (IAP) family. Interestingly, PG490 did not block DNA binding of NF-kappaB, but it blocked transactivation of NF-kappaB. Our identification of a compound that blocks TNF-alpha-induced activation of NF-kappaB may enhance the cytotoxicity of TNF-alpha on tumors in vivo and limit its proinflammatory effects.

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态度是成功的基石。一个人如果既乐于分享,又态度积极,则其前途不可限量。如果你改变了你的态度,就等于改变了你对事物的理解,改变了你的行动,随
之将改变你的生活。当每一个人的生命发生变化时,你就改变了世界。在Wordpress上写博客的Lorelle挑战众博客写作者们列出一个包含30件可
以在30秒钟内完成的事情清单。试想一下,如果成百万甚至上亿的人们仅仅做了其中的一件,世界将会有多么大的不一样!延续我的博客推动个人成长的主题,我
集中了一些你可以在30秒或更少的时间内完成来完善自己或他人的事情。设想一下每个人立刻做了其中的一些事情会如何。清单如下:

1. 改变你的语气。

只用30秒,使用更柔和、更冷静的语气,或是任何一种听上去更舒服的说话方式。你也许会为所发生的一切感到惊讶。比如,你是否了解,在孩子们的心目
中,用柔和的声调给出清楚的指示比大吼大叫更能让你获得威严。如果在一次商业交易中出师不利,可以尝试在接下来的30秒内使用更平和的语调,然后观察这能
否促使事情更快地得到解决。

2. 选择一个你已经放弃的想法,然后重新思考它。用30秒的时间考虑再试一次。

是否曾经有一项发明,一个项目,或是某些任务令人望而生畏,或是让人沮丧?选择其中一个,然后再次捡起它。想想看,如果每个人都鼓足勇气,在自己具备才能的方面充分运用了上天赋予的创造力,将会给这个世界带来多少新的东西?

3. 用30秒钟,给他人一次机会。

也许只需要再倾听一遍,重新调整一下第一印象,或是再用一次机会去发现他们是否已经作出改变。你会感到惊奇的。

4. 告诉你的孩子们”我爱你”或”我为你感到骄傲”

让这样的表达成为一次有意义的事件,看着他们的眼睛,让他们知道他们对你来说有多么重要。这样做将意义非凡。想想如果所有的父母每天花30秒的时间对他们的孩子们说一些肯定的话,世界将会如何。

5. 下次你再发现自己在急切等待他人对你的肯定,而又不可能立即拥有的时候,用30秒来为你已经完成的事情感谢上帝

这能迅速改变你的态度。

6. 用30秒,站得更直,将你的头高高抬起。

直视他人,自信地行走。有没有发现这样感觉非常棒?

7. 选择一件你一直在拖延着准备下次再做而今天可以完成的事情,决定完成它!

做出一个行动的决定只需要30秒。前提必须是你十分看重对自己的承诺,并且一旦承诺则意味着付出行动。

8.清理一次他人惹下的乱子。

9. 对他人就你一直欣赏或敬重的某一点表示真诚的赞美

10. 为你信仰的某人或某事挺身而出。一句简短的表示支持的话会带来奇迹,迅速扩大你的影响。

11. 为他人所做的努力表示一次真诚的鼓励。

告诉他,”你可以做到的”,信任他并且用行动来表达这份信任。

12. 邀请某个你愿意了解的人(或一群人)到家中做客

定一个具体的日子和时刻和他/他们共进晚餐。适度的社交是必要的,你还在等待什么呢?采取主动,发出邀请,也意味着打开一扇新的友谊之门。

13.在公共场所花30秒对你的伴侣用肢体表达爱意。

用手轻轻的摩挲她的面颊,用手指抚弄他的头发,来一个轻轻的拥抱,温柔的握紧他的手,或是一个蜻蜓点水的吻。让孩子们看到父母很自然的迅速表达爱意
是有益的。这样也能加强婚姻的亲密感。试想一下如果每一对伴侣都用30秒的时间来有意识的表达爱意,会对婚姻中亲密感的增强有多么大的作用。如果能一天做
几次就更好了。

14. 学会一个新单词(最好从一种你不会的语言中学习)或是迅速的了解与另外一种文化或国家有关的一件神奇的事情。

15. 写下一张面值为你月薪10%的支票

然后放进邮箱,寄给你所在地区的教堂,捐给慈善机构,或是为其它有价值的事业。总之,捐献出去。

16. 每天早晨祈祷30秒,以克服恐惧,或是获得勇气去面对你的所有机会。

在树立目标的时候保持心胸开阔,态度要积极。以优先级标准迅速的判断你当天的计划(须保证你的选择与你的重点相符-记住无论在职场还是家中,时间都是你最宝贵的资产). 30秒之后,你也许已经获得激励去做一些改变。

17.问候一个人”你最近怎样”,然后真诚的聆听。

18将20美元(50美元或100美元也行)放在一个信封里,写上”来自无名氏”

然后悄悄地(当然,也要迅速地,以保持30秒的纪录)放在你知道需要它的人那里。私下里做一些善意的小事感觉很棒!不信可以试试看。

19. 迅速的做一些对环境有保护的事情:

拒绝装在聚乙烯泡沫盒里的食物,撕开罐头外围的塑料包装,或是帮助一只被困的小动物重获自由等等。

20. 选择吃一顿精致的早餐。

(只需要30秒作出的决定可以让你一整天都充满活力). 不吃糖,吃低淀粉的食物。摄入更多的蛋白质和水果。正确的开始以使你的一天更富有成效。

21. 如果你一直待在室内,走出去,感受30秒阳光照在脸上的感觉

-这会让你的心情立刻变得好起来(如果外面的气温高达100摄氏度,那么在一个更适宜的温度下去感受阳光)

22. 如果一个当地的商店请求你做一次慈善捐助时表示同意

(多给一个人一些时间,虽然你本来并不打算如此)

23. 报名参加选举。

只需要花30秒时间填写一张卡片。当你这样做的时候,下决心在选举来临时投出这一票。

24. 播下一颗种子。

(如果你有技巧能迅速完成的话也可以种下一株植物或一棵树)。想想如果数百万的人都马上这样做了的话…

25. 当你不在房间的时候,把灯关掉。

(诸如此类,不用水的时候将水龙头关掉。)这样的每一个30秒都不是小事。

26. 在垃圾桶旁边放一个袋子,然后在里面放一些可回收的小东西。

祝贺你,你已经开始回收之旅了。

27. 在30秒钟内戒掉一个坏习惯。

然后每隔30秒重复你做的事情。

28. 寻找笑料,然后大笑30秒

在有必要的时候重复这样做,来缓解紧张气氛。

29. 喝水。喝水。

30. 花30秒的时间想象一下你对所拥有的一切都感到满足的情景

然后设想一下如何在感到满足与努力发挥天赋才能之间保持平衡。拥有坚定不移的态度,并且一旦下了决心,就去尽情追逐你的梦想!

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